Izarov A. New Modifying Spatial Institution ‘Genesis’ In a void, no one could say why a thing once set in motion should stop anywhere; for why should it stop here rather than here? Aristotle, Physics 1. The growth of global challenges to humanity, including an increase in population, in the forms of settlement, migration’s factors, pandemics, etc. calls us to rethink the fundamental nature of the creation and functioning of a space. Today, the dominant role is played by horizontal spatial structures, which are mostly regular and archaic in nature. 2.From the historical background point, the formation and development of space as a planning system is closely interconnected with the forms of human settlement. The change in the forms of settlement from shelters-caves-houses to towns-cities-agglomerations formed the main structural nuclei of the planning structure and buildings. The basic typology of buildings is an evolutionary balance of priorities between housing, working and playing. The main functions of buildings became utilitarian and were fixed as basic. The voids between the buildings, according to the residual principle, formed the space serving housing, work, production and recreation. Spaces were codified and became archaic elements in the architectural planning structure, closing their development in monofunctional, for example, public space, including squares, squares, streets, etc. 3. Such spaces are difficult to modify and, as practice shows, they often turn out to be unprepared for new challenges and do not meet the requirements of sustainable development. 4. The new modifying spatial institution "Genesis" is a complex of new principles for the formation of space and voids for different forms of settlement. This presupposes the application of a new approach and rethinking of the archaic nature of forms and functions in existing and newly created spaces. The use of "Genesis" makes it possible to modify the space and voids and return it to the "zero" state in order to free it up for subsequent transformations of forms and functions. 5. Binding to the function and capabilities in a particular location is a constraining factor for the development of space. Therefore, modifying spaces carry out spatial transit, abandoning this and freeing up the potential for development in old (existed) and only nascent spatial structures. Creation of a spatial modification protocol will help to evolve from real and virtual space to Genesis space. 6. The introduction of the coefficient of spatial void will make it possible to design new forms of spaces, while maintaining balance in space to maintain future dynamics instead of statics. Application of the new spatial institution "Genesis", considered in our work on the example of a practical planning case for the implementation of a spatial transaction of the central and peripheral core of the city of Kyiv, which can also be multiplicated in other locations. Rethinking of new spaces creation and transforming existing ones will expand the opportunities for sustainable development of our future generations while preserving memory and traditions.

There are some differences in terms of spatial form in our cities that constantly change and grow with the developing technology. While some neighborhoods develop with an organic and spontaneous urban texture, some neighborhoods may have a grid or radial form. This study aims to examine the relationship between the crime rates and the perception of safety (fear of crime) and the shaping of the urban form. In this context, the adjacent Akşemsettin and Hırka-i Şerif Neighborhoods, which are located in the Fatih District of Istanbul, Turkey and differ in spatial textures, have been selected as the study area. The former one has a grid form that was planned after a big fire that destroyed the traditional organic urban form. The latter one still exists with its traditional organic urban form with dead-end streets. The study area is examined through Oscar Newman's concept of "Defensible Space" and "Space Syntax method" developed by Bill Hillier & Julienne Hanson. The street networks of the grid and organic forms are analyzed by the Space Syntax method in terms of axiality, intelligibility, connectivity and integration. The primary and secondary data about crime and fear of crime are also statistically analyzed to identify the relationship between urban texture and safety. Increasing crime rates and safety concerns as a result of rapid crowding of cities affect local and central governments' policy, planning and design decisions. This research forms an important basis for these decisions to create safer spaces in our cities and ensure that all public places of the city, such as streets and parking areas, provide a safe environment to the users. At the end of the study, it is expected that important results will be determined on how urban texture affects crime rates and sense of safety and what kind of factors should be taken into consideration in line with the city planning criteria.

In the face of large-scale construction of new rural settlements & villages in China, it is very urgent to provide highly efficient and intelligent computer aided methods of planning and designing settlements & villages in rural areas in order to effectively protect the rural cultures and landscapes. Our research includes two sections: learning and simulation. In the learning section, the topological structure model and traditional "culture genes" which control the growth of the settlements are extracted from settlements & villages under study. In the simulation section, the SGS system is used to simulate the emergence and expansion of settlements & villages, utilizing the achievements of the learning section. The SGS system includes five main parts: site selection, expansion, house generation, road network generation, land parcel and building generation. (1) Site selection. Through comprehensive analyses of geographical environments, system selects possible village areas, then, in combination with the traditional “Fengshui” concept to evaluate the selected areas and to determine the location of the initial village area. (2) Expansion. Around the center of the initial village area, system selects the expansion area of the village in a way that follows the traditional topological structure to form clustered settlements progressively. (3) House generation. System conducts a comprehensive assessment of all possible locations in the village area, while a number of "cultural genes" acts as influencing factors, locations with the highest evaluation parameters will be picked as the locations of the houses. The house generation process is a dynamic update process. When a new house is generated, according to the "cultural genes", its relationship with existing neighbors will be evaluated, produces an overall layout that conforms to the topological pattern of the traditional settlements. (4) Road network generation. Every time a house is generated, related roads are generated accordingly to establish the connection between the house and the external roads. With the increase of houses, the roads will gradually form a network. The road generation algorithm is based on the A* pathfinding algorithm, adding influencing factors such as bridges, slopes, curvatures, etc. to simulate the road network of local traditional settlements. (5) Land parcel and model generation. In traditional settlements, each building occupies a piece of land parcel around it as its courtyard or drying space. In the land parcel generation process, system will evaluate factors such as surrounding buildings, roads and terrain slope, generate land parcels follows the traditional customs and natural laws. In this part, system will also create an architectural model for each house from our model base. Encouragingly, our SGS system has successfully reproduced the layout and expansion manner of the existing traditional villages under study, featured with the local cultural customs, community structures, spatial characteristics and other intangible cultural heritages of the rural settlements. We expect that our SGS system provide an efficient tool for rural-urbanization in China to protect the rural cultures and landscapes effectively.

The ancient town is a small town that has survived in history, and its traditional form is basically unchanged. The spatial form is a comprehensive result of the interaction of various human activities and natural environmental factors in a specific geographical environment and a certain stage of social and economic development. In recent years, some ancient towns have experienced the destruction of the traditional spatial structure, the disappearance of the sense of place, and the breaking of context in the process of economic development. How to not only inherit the historical context, but also meet the current development demands, and improve the connection between history, the present and the future, has become an urgent problem to be solved in the development process of the ancient town. The ancient town of Southern Shaanxi is located in the Qinba Mountains. The traditional buildings, ancient streets, and cultural relics left over to this day are rare living fossils of the traditional culture of Southern Shaanxi. They are typical and representative of China's excellent regional culture. From the perspective of its spatial distribution, the ancient towns of southern Shaanxi are mainly located on important transportation lines that pass through the Qinling Mountains and Bashan Mountains and connect the Guanzhong area with Sichuan and Hubei provinces. Judging from the historical background of the formation of the ancient town, historically busy shipping and commercial activities have greatly promoted the economic development of southern Shaanxi and the exchange and integration of multiple cultures, making the ancient town of southern Shaanxi form a landscape that brings together various architectural styles from the north to the south. In recent years, affected by the improvement of urbanization and the development of tourism, the spatial form of ancient towns in southern Shaanxi has developed disorderly and the layout of buildings has been chaotic. Through the quantitative comparative analysis of the spatial morphology of ancient towns in southern Shaanxi, it is possible to quantitatively compare and analyze the status quo and problems, and provide a scientific basis for the development guidance of the spatial morphology of different ancient towns. First of all, this article quantitatively analyzes the spatial form of the ancient town in southern Shaanxi from the aspects of physical boundary, spatial structure, and architectural space. The physical boundary is composed of the material elements at the edge of the ancient town. The author chooses the shape analysis index, the aspect ratio of the closed border graphics, and the compactness index to quantitatively analyze the physical boundary. Spatial structure is the material manifestation of the interaction between economic, social, and environmental factors at a certain time, including the location layout and interrelationship of different spatial factors. In terms of spatial structure, comparative analysis is mainly carried out from the aspects of land use (using indicators of land use mixing degree, different land use ratios) and streets (using indicators of fractal dimension, length and width, and degree of coordination). The building is the smallest unit of the space in the ancient town. It mainly selects the indicators of building density, courtyard space rate, direction, angle and area of the building unit for quantitative analysis. Secondly, on the basis of quantitative analysis, the paper analyzes the reasons for the differences in indicators between different ancient towns from the aspects of population, economy, and environment, and summarizes the experience and lessons. Finally, the author attempts to search for ways to improve the connectivity of history, present and future in the development of ancient towns, in order to provide references for the development of ancient towns at home and abroad.

The Greater Bangalore region has a rich geological and ecological history that has supported extensive enterprise, industries, agriculture, and now IT sector driven urbanization. While the region is transforming into a smart city, there is tremendous potential to organise spatial information within Greater Bangalore limits that could be used as a basis of context specific land use planning decisions. Space Syntax theories allow for rigorous analysis of data through modeling revealing intricacies of social-space relationship. This paper aims to identify approaches that guide study of wasteland morphology and its feasibility to transition into urban land uses. The research focuses on the study of urban wastelands (anthropogenic types) using the application of GIS in the context of Urban Bangalore, a metropolitan region in South India. It further looks specifically at mining wastelands, the spatial flows- migration, transportation; infrastructure and demographic characteristics through space syntax analysis to understand better the potential of the wasteland for future development. This methodology is proposed as a basis of land use planning decisions specific to the select typology of urban lands.

With the development of urbanization and transformation of educational philosophy of universities, the relationship between the campus and the city become much closer. As an important public space embedded in the city, the campus boundary space plays a vital role in the connection and communication between campus and city. The high-quality boundary space can produce a strong boundary effect to realize the benign interaction between campus and city, and can also promote the common development of each other. Therefore, how to effectively deal with the boundary isolation and penetration relationship is a valuable issue. This research takes the symbiosis theory as the breakthrough point, takes campus space and urban space as a complete symbiosis system, and combines typology to study the organic integration and connectivity of boundary spaces. This research summarizes the literature and campus case data, and analyzes under the combination of multi-source big data such as traffic data and poi data. Based on the above research, the boundary space is analyzed and summarized in terms of its constituent elements, spatial form, functional structure, and business distribution. Finally, based on the symbiosis theory, we propose four optimization strategies: 1) Breaking the closed campus form and transforming the traditional linear boundary form to form a multi-dimensional organic boundary, thereby constructing a soft and penetrating boundary; 2) Campus space and city space are organically mixed to create a boundary integrating scientific research, life, commerce, and leisure function, and is shared by teachers, students and citizens; 3) Combine the slow transportation with the cultural heritage in campus, dredge the connection path, connect and transplant campus culture, continue the cultural context, and promote the diffusion of cultural values; 4) Integrate the green space around the boundary and construct a green space system from a regional perspective, build a comfortable and pleasant space to realize the ecological connection between campus and city. The boundary space is an important carrier for the interaction and communication between campus and city. The organically integrated interface can effectively stimulate the vitality of the boundary space and create a positive and effective cultural atmosphere. This research conducts an in-depth study on the penetration, integration and connection of boundary space, aim to add more potentiality and vitality to public spaces in city.

As one of the oldest cities in China and the starting point of the Silk Road, Xi’an has served 13 dynasties as their capitals and has the most complete city wall in China. The continuously growing urban development and the rapidly iterative digital technology have changed the cognitive way in urban conception. Being part of urban revitalization, the greening and reconnecting scheme of the South Yongning Gate of the city wall was designed in 2012 and completed in 2014, for a strong purpose in reviving the city’s central social-cultural core. This paper focuses on the comparison between the morphology-operation-performance (MOP) model in the design thinking process of the South Gate square from the architects’ perspective and the actual MOP from the citizens’ perspective through qualitative survey. The findings suggest that the complex everydayness in urban life adds diverse and private operations, which contributes to the full performance of a place and conversely more uniqueness in operations. Reflections on MOP of the greening and reconnecting scheme deepen the understanding of the everyday landscape of the citizens, the tourists, the public and the authority. Urban designers should be able to realize the complexity and the potential of everydayness in enabling historical sites into mixed-use public places for all.

The Yellow River beach area is the floodplain formed by rolling siltation of the riverbed between the Yellow River levees. Historically, affected by the threat of flood inundation in flood season and other factors, the infrastructure of beach area is relatively weak, and the economic and social development is relatively backward. Because of its important ecological and regional status, it has attracted widespread attention from the Chinese government and academic circles in recent years, including but not limited to two important national strategies, Rural Revitalization, and Ecological Protection& High-quality Development of the Yellow River Basin. There are a large number of residential areas in the Yellow River beach area, including dense rural settlements, and traditional villages with rich cultural and natural resources, making them a space carrier of a social-ecological complex system. The spatial differentiation between rural settlements and traditional villages in the beach area can reflect the distribution of culture, nature, economy and other resources in the beach area. How to grasp and understand the spatial differentiation laws of different types of villages and their influencing factors, and then propose sustainable goals and strategies for the development of villages in beach areas, is an important topic in current research. However, there are few studies on rural settlements or traditional villages within the beach area. This study uses the method of geo-spatial analysis to describe the geo-spatial patterns similarities and differences between rural settlements and traditional villages within the beach area through three indicators: geo-spatial distribution characteristics, geo-spatial distribution patterns and geo-spatial distribution balance. With the aid of Geo Detector tool, the influence degree and interaction mechanism of the elements contained in the natural geographical environment and socio-economic environment are analyzed, and then the formation and development mechanism and development direction of different types of villages in the Yellow River beach area are discussed. This study has the following conclusions: 1. The rural settlements and traditional villages in the beach area are generally distributed in agglomeration, but there are differences between provinces; 2. There are three concentrated distribution areas of rural settlements, while two centralized distribution areas, one main and one time, of traditional villages, but the two types of centralized distribution areas do not overlap in space; 3. Compared with rural settlements, the distribution of traditional villages is more unbalanced between prefectures and cities; 4. Compared with rural settlements, traditional villages are more closely related to the natural geographic environment, even in areas with generally flat terrain such as beach areas, traditional villages are mostly distributed in places with relatively large topographical changes, while the former is more related to economic development and policy intervention. We also pay attention to the impact of historical process, cultural radiation and policy intervention on the spatial differentiation of the two types of villages. At the end of the study, we discuss the development goals of the typified rural space in the Yellow River beach area, in order to provide useful support for the construction of different resilient development strategies for the villages based in the Yellow River beach area.

The expression and perception of cityscape has significance influence on the preservation and regeneration of heritage. However, due to the urban sprawl in urbanizing, a large number of commercial exploitation have resulted in a series of obstacles on the expression and perception of heritage features. In order to study the importance of the expression and perception of the heritage features on the cityscape, this paper selected a typical historical and cultural city Harbin in China as the research object. In the current work, the large-scale investigation of cityscape was analyzed on the basis of street view map auditing from a human point of view. The relationship of cityscape between the features of heritage and cityscape were investigated using the semantic segmentation of machine vision, and Harbin was taken as a case study to examine whether variations exist between different areas. Results showed a significant coupling in the current city between cityscape and features of heritage. Therefore, according to the results of the relevant analysis, the paper confirmed the key indicators of the perception and expression of heritage, and advances some urban planning strategies to avoid the negative effects that urban sprawl brings to cityscape on heritage. The results of this work will provide a comprehensive understanding of the preservation and regeneration of the heritage.

【Purpose】: To discuss what kind of role that the rural areas in suburbs of the large city in China should take during China’s new urbanization and rural revitalization process. 【Background】: The development and construction of rural areas in the suburbs of large cities in China is closely related to the development of the cities. Due to their special locations and resources, under the policy background of China's new urbanization and rural revitalization, the rural areas in the suburbs of large cities have become the practicing field of urban-rural regional coordination and integration and the frontier not only for a preparatory space and test site for China's urbanization process, but also a catalyst for promoting the modernization and sustainable development of rural areas. "Shanghai 2035" has put forward its development goal, building Shanghai “an excellent global city" in 2035. Since the rural areas are the historical epitome of Shanghai’s cultural heritage, and are also the spatial basis for ecological safety of the city, It has become a crucial supporting element for Shanghai to build itself into an recognizably excellent global city. 【Case Study】: Zhangyan Village, Zhonggu Town, Qingpu District , Shanghai 【Measures】: Based on the historical status and regional advantages of Zhangyan Village, the planning strengthens the mutual interaction and communication between urban and rural areas, reserve rural service and secondary development space, shape a new model of harmonious urban and rural development, combined with the background of globalization strategy of CSCEC and Shanghai’s Excellent Global City development goal. 【Results】: The planning has been carried out for one year up to now and still in process, providing experience and methods for rural planning and policy implementation in suburbs of large cities in China. 【Keywords】: Suburb, rural areas of big cities, rural planning, rural revitalization, urban-rural coordination, Shanghai 【References】( Partial): [1]LUO YI. Value Analysis and Protective Planning of Famous Historical and Cultural Villages: A Case Study of Ancient Sangyuan Village in Jishui County, Jiangxi Province[J]. 景观研究(英文版),2016(5). DOI:10.16785/j.issn1943-989x.2016.5.034. [2]Fengkai Zhu,Fengrong Zhang,Can Li,et al.Functional transition of the rural settlement: Analysis of land-use differentiation in a transect of Beijing, China[J].Habitat International,2014,41(1).262-271.

Research question：Planning Method of Airport Economic Zone Based on ‘Time-Critical’ Orientation. Background ：As a significant policy area of macroeconomic control and an important carrier of high quality development of local economy, airport economic zone’s planning method is different from that of ordinary urban areas, especially in the era of developing ‘speed economy’ based on time efficiency, air transportation is a major route to improve transportation efficiency and benefits, therefore, the airport economic zone with air transportation as its core power is supposed to take the improvement of ‘time-critical value’ as its main orientation. This paper is based on the aviation metropolis theory by John Kasarda, the father of the global aviation economy,Ram Menen's (air cargo leader and former Senior Vice President of Emirates Cargo) practical experience in the transport and industrial aspects of airports and Peter Calthorpe's research on TOD development, the above case study approach is applied to summarise the "Time-Critical Value" oriented approach to the development of airports. This paper will summarise the experiences of existing cases across the globe in terms of policy framework, economic characteristics, industrial or transport development layout.In this paper, the case-study method is adopted to generalize and summarize planning method of airport economic zone based on ‘time-critical’ orientation. There are many projects in the development and construction of airport economic zone worldwide. There are 17 national airport economic zones in China. Case experience in ‘airport industry, site selection, transportation and collaborative mechanism’ will be generalized and summarized in this paper. Key research cases will include: Amsterdam Schiff Airport, the Netherlands; Memphis Airport, USA; Beijing Daxing and Shunyi Airports, Zhengzhou Xinzheng Airport, Guangzhou Baiyun Airport, Hangzhou Xiaoshan Airport, Shanghai Hongqiao Airport; Overland RKSI and other airport economic zones. In this paper, by generalizing and summarizing cases, it is deemed that the planning method of airport economic zone includes four aspects: (1) introduce airport industry and function oriented by ‘time-critical’; (2) the site selection is mainly in its ‘fast accessibility’ to the airport runway; (3) transportation should be beneficial to improving the ‘connectivity’ between airport economic zone and airport runway; (4) establish the corresponding ‘collaborative mechanism’ to realize the collaborative and efficient operation of airport, airport economic zone and city. The following difficulties may exist in the planning of the airport economic zone in China: (1) The internal plans of the airport and the urban plans involve different profit-making entities, which make it challenging to coordinate with each other； (2) To achieve quick transportation access to the airport, the airport corporation, government departments and relevant passenger and cargo enterprises need to agree on the project's location, the construction of the road network and the control of the fencing network, etc. However, it is not easy to coordinate the implementation of the project at the moment. (3) The import of industry around airport should follow the principle of "time-critical value" to avoid excessive pursuit of economies of scale.

Cycling is regarded as one of the most sustainable, affordable, accessible, and most healthy transportation methods (UN Habitat, 2018), which facilitate short distance travel with characteristics of safety, convenience, and comfort. While China encompasses a long history of bike transportation for its competitive prices and high accessibility, until recently Chinese cities has viewed cycling as inferior choice for urban mobility, thus sometimes curbing its usage in highly dense area by banning certain roads from traversing. Huangpu district in Shanghai, China is such a place. As the cradle of modern-day Shanghai, it is amid one of the most urbanized areas in China, it boasts its richness in historical blocks and features a great deal of scenic spots like the Bund, East Nanjing Rd. and People's Square, etc., who naturally calls the needs for a walkable and cycling-friendly environment. However conversely, it also has most cycling curbing roads in Shanghai, in order to improve motor traffic conditions in highly restricted street space. As an outcome of historical issue, it’s almost impossible to accommodate multiple traffic flows at the same time. However, the self-organization and connectivity of road network as well as its role in vitalizing public spaces are undermined in the price of coordinating motor traffic. As a public policy, it is of significance to identify its impacts in a holistic viewpoint. While existing literature most discussed the mobility aspects of urban cycling, this research aims to explore the impact of cycling restriction through urban function and vitality. With the help of emerging crowd-sourcing data, which more accurately reflect the opinions of users, we find that areas with high vitality coincide with those stipulated as cycling restricted. Besides, not only this policy undermines the accessibility of urban traffic nodes, its effect on improving motor traffic has found to be limited. Then, through urban spatial and functional perspective, we discuss the stresses it may impose to the space quality local area. At last, a systematic revision to the cycling restriction policy is proposed, as we aim to alarm local actions in terms of the complexity of urban space and policy decisions should be more well-grounded.