Isocarp – 2021 In the international literature, one of the most important debates in planning practice is the gap between research, and practice (Durning, 2004; Forsyth, 2015, 2019; Goodman et al., 2017). In parallel with this international discussion, our empirical research about planning in Turkey, especially regarding private planning offices and local municipalities, reveals a disconnection between research and practice. Researchers follow a protocol for an academic study, adopt systematic data collection techniques, and emphasize a gap in knowledge (Forsyth, 2015: 469) whereas investigators collect data to develop tools to solve a particular problem (Forsyth, 2015: 469). Accordingly, investigations are mostly carried out for planning processes but not the academic research. To explore the relation between research and practice in planning field, we need to focus especially on the how the academics and partitioners collaborate, how the practitioner pursuit the current academic research, is the interdisciplinarity can be realized during the planning process. Additionally, methodologies provide the most concrete link between practice and research in planning. Hudson (2016) uses methodologies as one of the main indicators for comparing different planning approaches. This paper focuses on what are the analyse, prediction and decision-making methodologies using during the planning practice and the participatory dimensions of these processes. The data for this empirical research came from a comprehensive two-phase scientific research project focusing on both municipalities and private planning offices using the qualitative and quantitative methods together to understand the planning system in Turkey. In the first phase, information on planning offices registered under the Chamber of Urban Planners in 2018 and data on Professional Auditing Practices was obtained from the Headquarters of the Chamber of Urban Planners. Based on the data of registered companies, the distribution of planning offices by location was determined. According to this data 12 offices, between the offices that does most of the planning work are chosen and are interviewed in depth. In addition to the qualitative research, a comprehensive survey was conducted by sending a questionnaire to all 656 planning offices in Turkey, of which 119 responded. In the second phase, the planning process in the municipalities is examined and a comprehensive survey was conducted by sending a questionnaire to all the municipalities in Turkey and 234 planners from 98 different municipalities responded the questionnaire. Finally, to have a deeper understanding, 10 interviews carried out with experienced municipality planners. Consequently, this paper argues that understanding the relationship between research and practice in the planning field, requires particular attention to predict the quality, functionality, and the communicative dimensions of the urban plan. Planning in Turkey is dominated by outdated laws, rules, and regulations rather than current research or theoretical discussion. Analyses are very structured and old-school, while decision-making processes have not advanced to the communicative level. Instead, the leading factor in planning is the laws and regulations of the public authorities.

Abstract: In recent years, the implementation of the rural revitalization policies and the acceleration of the new urbanization process have brought vitality to the rural areas, but it has also resulted in the rural labor loss, rural hollowing, population aging, abandoned farmland and other negative effects. With the gradual transition of China's urban and rural planning from the original extensive development to the refined and sustainable development, there are more and more introductions and theoretical researches on rural smart growth, but most of the theories focus on rural planning, but lack of attention to accurate projections of rural populations. Therefore, this paper, based on the previous theories and practices of rural smart growth, optimizes the optimum population model of county connecting with the current situation of rural population in China. This paper tries to propose the framework of rural optimum population development with smart growth and reasonable expansion. Take Sichuan Yaan city Lushan county as a study case, analyzed the current problems of Lushan County, such as empty population, wasted buildings and industries, and damaged ecology. Based on the comprehensive carrying capacity, the upper limit of appropriate population development was determined by using the carrying capacity of cultivated land, economic carrying capacity and ecological carrying capacity, and various carrying population and appropriate population in Lushan County from 2009 to 2019 were comprehensively analyzed. The results show that: (1) The optimum population of Lushan County is smaller than the existing population, which is in the state of overpopulation. (2) The population of cultivated land decreased by 50%, from 122,207 to 61,129, indicating that the yield of cultivated land in Lushan County decreased sharply, and the policy of returning cultivated land to forest was in urgent need of recovery. (3) The economic carrying population has little change, rising from 61,137 to 67,005, an increase of 9.5%. (4) The ecological carrying population has a dynamic increasing trend, rising from 46,893 to 65,344, an increased by 39.3%, which indicates that the ecological environment in Lushan County is gradually recovering, and the accommodating population is gradually increasing. Finally, the natural growth method, grey prediction method and linear regression method are utilized to predict the future population scale. It is estimated that Lushan County will still be population overload in 2029, but the gap between the actual population and the optimum population will gradually decreased. Therefore, it is necessary to control the population growth and improve the population support capacity by polices. Explore the village population development mode of accurate population, rationalization of human settlement, unitization of cluster, refinement of industry and rationalization of ecology, to establish a development mode of smart growth of rural population and provide relevant knowledge and technology for rural revitalization.

Consequences of deindustrialisation, urban transition and changing living patterns left especially small and middle size cities struggling to remain attractive and made them uncompetitive compared to other cities in the Danube Region. New urban planning and management approaches are needed to unlock the potentials these cities possess. On one side there is still a trend of the centralised approach of the governance system, where the higher-tier governments hold critical power to make decisions affecting the local level and on the other due to the lack of the interest and bad image the cities are facing the raising number of abandoned areas. Public administration governance needs to go beyond traditional approaches in a way of developing new governance models which could support and speed up urban development processes, developing innovative policy instruments and implement efficient participatory approaches for stakeholder involvement. In order to compare the state of the art in different parts of the Danube region and seek the appropriate approaches to address challenges, the Agora project has been initiated within the Interreg programme. The main aim of the Agora is to achieve a substantial change in the process of workflow of public administration on the local and regional level through empowerment of their capacities, to make the public administrations the credible and active leaders of urban regeneration processes through co-designing and testing new governance models, policy instruments on underuse and unused areas inner cities. 10 partnering localities from the Danube Region are co-creating new venues for stakeholders and public involvement (so called Agora Communities) which through actions and workshops aim to develop 10 AGORA Urban Regeneration Agendas (URAs) and 10 concrete pilot actions. Based on the AGORA experience policy-learning platform is being developed to support cities reintegrate and reconnect local undervalued areas and though new social and economic activities improve their value. Prerequisite for a successful co-designing of the URAs is to get acquainted with the state of the art of the governance models and decision-making procedures, to recognise the spatial potentials in the cities which are important inputs for involving stakeholders into the process of finding room for improvements. The framework of trans-national Agora project is designed to offer many opportunities for the peer-to-peer exchanges and learning. This contribution will focus on a selected theme only –innovative policy instruments that partnering cities are using to overcome obstacles of rather rigid planning systems and procedures. Innovative instruments are usually used to provide a more flexible planning environment that can better address the fast-changing circumstances and needs of the spatial, economic and social fabrics of the Danube region cities. They will be presented through different aspects that need to be taken into consideration when one aims to transfer them from one successful example to other environments, among others: administrative level, their legal status, basic objectives and aims, the level of inclusiveness they provide, types of actors they involve and outcomes they manage to reach. In the conclusion the importance of the cooperation between cities at the international level will be exposed by illustrating how Agora project helps cities understanding their own ways of operating, compare themselves towards the others and learn from each other by sharing good practices not only at the declarative levels but through the in-depth analytical processes that help understand which tools can (not) be used in various contexts. The importance of the on-line good practices compendia will be pointed out too within this context.

Guanying Community, located in Xicheng District of Beijing, has the core location and perfect surrounding supporting facilities. It is a commercial residential area in the north and a Hutong cottage area in the south. As a community established in the 1990s, the development of Guanying Community is representative among the communities in the old urban area of Beijing. The bad traffic and parking in Guanying Community are the reflection of Beijing's extensive urban development. Under the background of rapid economic growth since 2000, the private car ownership rate is rising rapidly, while the old residential area lacks the design of parking and transportation system at the beginning of construction due to the poor foresight. The result of questionnaire survey shows that the average number of motor vehicles owned by residents in this community is 1.064. Parking quantity and parking management are two of the lowest satisfaction of local residents. To solve the existing problems, this study adopts the Four-stage Theory of traffic planning, namely traffic generation, traffic distribution, traffic mode division and traffic allocation, to make proposals for traffic improvement of Guanying Community. The results show that due to the large population, large number of public service facilities and strong external connection, the commercial residential area in the North bears most of the traffic flow of the whole Guanying Community in all three modes of transportation: automobile, bicycle and walking. The east-west traffic flow is larger than the north-south traffic flow. The overall traffic flow decreases significantly from north to south. Therefore, the East-West Dahoucang Hutong and Liuxiang Road in the north of the community become the main traffic links of Guanying Community. Based on the investigation and traffic forecast results, this paper proposes the Guanying Community improvement plan in order to solve two main problems, one is to balance the parking supply and demand, the other is to optimize the road network and road section. The parking plan includes a large underground parking lot, located in the middle of Liuxiang Road, three large three-dimensional parking lots and six small three-dimensional parking belts. In addition, we establish a dynamic parking management system to increase the utilization efficiency of parking space. The previous fixed monthly or annual parking charge is changed to dynamic charging, and step pricing strategy was carried out. For the planning of various elements, it is necessary to analyze the whole system at the beginning, and then divide it into parts and solve the problems one by one. The comprehensive transportation transformation of Guanying Community is gradual improvement from some spots to a line and then to a plane, so as to reshape the whole community form and stimulate the neighborhood space. Once the project is successful, it will become a model for the transformation of old residential areas in Beijing.

Innovative participatory processes, such as co-production is based on the creativity and the inclusion of participants. It is able to transform social relations, and can have significant positive impacts on urban transformations, therefore it is supported by local governments. Although through co-production citizens can have significant impact on decision-making and transformation, on the other hand, scholars argue that state-initiated processes can be the motors of institutionalization of inequalities. The organization and the structure of the space have a crucial dimension on human societies and social relations. Therefore, the interactions between space and society have to be analysed to understand the drivers of social justice and to be able to formulate them into a territorial perspective to tackle them. Taking spatial justice and its theoretical background, our paper offers a critical perspective toward co-production, as deployed in urban planning and policies, by focusing on two cases from different cities. Within the case of Budapest an urban regeneration programme is introduced in the most deprived neighbourhood of the city. Co-production has played an important role of the programme as a proposed way of social inclusion. However, the interviews which were carried out as part of our case study confirms the challenges, as well as the limits that co-production faces when coping with inequalities. At the same time, the interviews highlight how the reinterpretation of co-production is necessary, and how it can contribute to innovative forms of interactions inside of the society and also when dealing with public institutions. The risen awareness concludes in empowerment and more just urban transformations. In the other case we study the programme Crossing Cultures (Intrecciare Culture) in Sassari, Italy, that is a co-productive initiative is aimed to revitalize the historical centre of the city. The neighbourhood suffers from strong abandonment and demarginalization process. The project makes emphasize on social inclusion through the valorisation of social relations among the different cultures which live in the most underprivileged area of Sassari. In the creative sub-programmes such as revitalization of an urban space, cinema nights, photographer laboratory, story-telling creativity and sentiments regarding the space become crucial. As participant observers, it was visibly how the different soft laboratories generated special bond between participants and the urban space, moreover, gave a sense of self-expression that can contribute to spatial justice. However, on the other hand, the sustainability of the results is questionable due to the lack of well-functioning networks among various organizations in place. The paper reflects how/if co-production can contribute to spatial justice, to the fair distribution of socially valued resources in different places.

Waterfront space is naturally public and high-value attraction,However, due to the shortcomings of its public guarantee mechanism, under the influence of market economy profit rules, the problems of private occupation of waterfront public space and irrational construction are widespread. Taking Guangzhou as an example, this paper selected representative water bodies at all levels for investigation, and found that these waterfront spaces have problems of access and use to a certain extent.In order to solve these problems, We aim to return the waterfront space to the public and take "people-oriented" as the technical basis, drawing lessons from the relevant research and practice of Shanghai’s Huangpu River Pudong Coastal Through Project, Sanya River Waterfront Protection and Utilization, Chicago River Management and Control in the United States, and New York’s Waterfront Space Planning Requirements, We put forward seven planning elements management and control strategies including traffic accessibility, visual accessibility, waterfront interface, waterfront mouth rate, waterfront retreat, waterfront height control, waterfront service functions and facilities，and further discussed the implementation of safeguard measures, in order to promote the planning and construction of waterfront public space back to the public.

China has vast rural areas, which take up approximately 94% of the nation’s total lands.Rural life is the basic relationship between people and land in various types of human settlements. Its development depends heavily on the areas’ cultures, and the feelings, most remarkably nostalgia, of the people from these regions. It is an organic combination of extrinsic material forms and intrinsic cultural spirits of the area. It is therefore an important element of the environment of human settlements. Rural areas possess abundant natural and ecological resources. One of these resources is the natural landscape, which supports rural residences by providing them with physical and psychological necessities for life. Creating a good natural rural landscape is thus an inherent part of building rural residences in which people and nature live in consonance.Rural areas are important places in which Chinese culture is nurtured and physically rooted. China endeavors to build an eco-friendly society, under the background of which rural areas are given a high priority in the systematic protection and utilization of national land resources. China’s rural landscape therefore deserves dedicated research efforts. In this essay, the author conducts a research about the spacio-temporal development of the rural natural landscape in the Beijing-Tianjin region. Through this research, the author attempts to model human-land interactions in China’s rural areas, the purpose of which is to find a means of systematically improving the human-land relationship and the quality of residential environments. This essay confines its investigation to the cities of Beijing and Tianjin. It acquires data on the rural natural landscape by interpreting images generated by remote sensing and analyzing spatial layouts of rural areas. It uses the landscape index method to determine the appropriate system for evaluating rural natural landscapes. In combination with the ecological service value evaluation system, this essay engages in qualitative and qualitative analysis of rural natural landscapes in the Beijing-Tianjin region. It analyzes the development of certain elements, layouts, and the evaluation and subtleties of the local culture between 1980 and 2018. It attempts to extract the spacio-temporal development pattern of said landscape, and to explore the relationship between humans and land in rural areas during rapid urbanization. Research shows that, in terms of the development of material forms, rural natural landscapes in the Beijing-Tianjin region are mostly either agricultural lands or woodlands. These landscapes are evidently differentiated from each other in their constitution. In addition, they also possess four spatial characteristics, namely: have evident spatial differences and four spatial characteristics includes scale, distribution, network and shape. During rapid urbanization, the development in elements of rural natural landscapes in the Beijing-Tianjin region can be roughly summarized as the transformation of agricultural lands into construction lands. Construction lands expand to other surrounding areas, gradually consuming the rural natural landscape and appropriating its space. As a result, the area of the rural natural landscape decreases, its fragmentation worsens, and the heterogeneous shape has continued to fluctuate. Moreover, the fragments of rural natural landscape cannot re-consolidate on their own and restore themselves to their original state.In terms of cultural subtleties, the rural natural landscape in the Beijing-Tianjin region houses four major types of cultures: agriculture, residence, natural tourism, and canal-based transportation. It also houses other cultures such as those that were developed only recently. Together, these cultures form a cultural core unique to the area in which they are found, a core that powers existing traditions and gives birth to new ones.

The City of Copenhagen has, in the past fifteen years, developed urban policy with concrete targets for improving livability and has produced the “Urban Life Account” (2010 – 2019), which aims to measure and evaluate the quality of urban life in the city and the level of satisfaction with public spaces amongst its citizens [1]. This paper evaluates the scale, distribution and resulting accessibility of urban spaces and green spaces in the City of Copenhagen in the context of two main factors; first, the population growth in the last three decades and resulting densification and second, the Covid-19 pandemic, which has highlighted vulnerabilities in the urban fabric and accessibility to urban spaces. Based on an analysis of indicators of density, this study formulates policy recommendations for provision and improvement of public spaces in view of meeting the city’s targets for livability in the City of Copenhagen. The paper is based on a research collaboration between the Royal Danish Academy and the City of Copenhagen, which has provided detailed built density and geospatial socio-economic data. Through an analysis of these data sets supplemented with data on use of urban spaces and amenities collected from digital platforms, the present study reveals significant differences in access to urban spaces and green areas and an overall tendency towards centralization of certain services and amenities. The City of Copenhagen has grown with approximately 100,000 inhabitants in the last 10 years and is expected to grow by another 100,000 by 2031, which will bring the number of inhabitants to about 725,000 according to projections by the City of Copenhagen (Copenhagen Municipal Plan, 2019)[2]. At the same time, under the current COVID-19 pandemic, the use of parks has increased significantly (Google, 2021) [3]. This study further qualifies a discussion on the effect of urban density and densification and builds on previous scholarship such as Neuman (2005) [4], Hofstad (2012) [5], Peschardt, K.K., et al (2012) [6], and Haaland & van den Bosch (2015) [7]. The analysis encompasses three types of indicators of density, namely (a) urban form (average dwelling area, floor area ratio and block size, location and size of public spaces and green spaces), (b) demography (population and age group densities, amount of people cohabiting in one housing unit, average amount of rooms per household, amount of people per room per housing unit); and (c) location and intensity of economic activity (based on data obtained from Flickr, AirBnB, Google Places and Tripadvisor supported with National Business Register Data - CVR). The initial GIS-based spatial and statistical analysis has shown which neighborhoods present the lowest accessibility to urban spaces and green areas and based on those results, this study makes policy recommendations for the neighborhoods where improvement and upgrading of urban spaces and green areas should be prioritized. References: [1] Urban Life Account, 2019 (https://byudvikling.kk.dk/artikel/bylivsregnskab) [2] Copenhagen Municipal Plan, 2019 (https://kp19.kk.dk/om-kommuneplan-2019) [3] COVID-19 Community Mobility Report, Capital Region of Denmark May 27, 2021 https://www.gstatic.com/covid19/mobility/2021-05-27_DK_Capital_Region_of_Denmark_Mobility_Report_en.pdf [4] Neuman, M., 2005. The compact city fallacy. J. Plann. Educ. Res. 25, 11–26. [5] Hofstad, H., 2012. Compact city development: high ideals and emerging practices.Eur. J. Spatial Dev., 1–23 [6] Peschardt, K.K., Schipperijn, J., Stigsdotter, U.K., 2012. Use of Small Public Urban Green Spaces (SPUGS). Urban For. Urban Greening 11, 235–244. [7] Haaland, C., & van den Bosch, C. K. (2015). Challenges and strategies for urban green-space planning in cities undergoing densification: A review. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 14(4), 760–771. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2015.07.009

The simulation model of land use change is an effective tool to study the interaction between human and nature in different spatial and temporal characteristics. Due to the future sustainable demand and the rapid growth of population, large-scale human activities will lead to the change of land use type and the excessive consumption of natural resources, which will seriously threaten the security and development of society, economy and environment. Therefore, how to scientifically and systematically predict the urban ecological risks under different situations has become an important issue to change the current dilemma. In China's urban agglomeration of middle of Zhejiang as an example, this study based on land use type 2000201 and 2020, using the future land use simulation (FLUS) model, can be focused on climate change of social economy and natural factors to be considered at the same time, natural development, rapid development in 2050, a multi-objective protection and four kinds of scenarios to simulate forest construction, The ecological risk index was calculated according to the landscape pattern, and the spatial dependence of the ecological risk index was further discussed by using spatial autocorrelation analysis. The simulation results show that the model is effective in predicting the land use change under different scenarios under the guidance of multiple purposes, and the ecological risk prediction based on this model is effective.

Rural space governance is an important means to effectively improve the quality of rural community development in China, and its application effects are uneven, and the existing evaluation methods lack dynamic and universality. Therefore, this article is based on the essential purpose of rural space governance, which is to accelerate the flow of urban and rural elements and build a rural space governance evaluation system that can be adapted to multiple scenarios. Firstly, through the urban-rural interactive behavior to connect flow theory and the governance behavior function logic, so as to build a theoretical foundation for the application flow theory to guide the application of evaluation technology; secondly, comprehensively analyze the existing related literature to determine the evaluation index coefficients of this article. And build a complex network model to quantify the flow behavior of index elements as the basic data for comparative analysis; finally, a characteristic town in Xizhou, Yunnan Province is selected as the experimental object to verify the application of the evaluation system proposed in this article. It was found that specialty towns, as one of the popular rural space governance methods in China, it does not have a complete promoting effect in Xizhou, and its performance includes: a significant increase in the flow of population elements; The flow of capital and technological elements presents a trend of deepening development of the group, which is a result of limited local investment personnel or the single industrial structure; The flow of information elements is declining, and the ability of network communication is weak. The dynamic correlation of the flow of the four main elements is not obvious. In order to improve the local development of Xizhou Town as soon as possible, it is urgent to optimize the types of industries and the industrial chain among them. This article builds a new evaluation system for the identification of rural space governance efficiency, in order to provide a new perspective and path for the development and construction of China's rural revitalization period.