Abstract
Inadequate public transportation system in the Bandung Metropolitan Area has triggered the growth of self-organized transportation to meet daily transportation demand. On one hand, this initiative brings positive contributions in terms of provision of reliable urban mobility and creates innovations in transportation sector that leads to digital transformation. Application-based transportation is now becoming a solution for people in the absence of reliable public transportation. However, one of problems in transportation sector that occurs in metropolitans of the Global South, such as experienced in Bandung Metropolitan Area, Indonesia is unequal transport accessibility, in which not everyone obtains access to decent education facility, health facility and workplace. This situation is worsened by unequal spatial distribution of quality public service, which agglomerated in the city centre. This research is aimed at identifying the emergence of application-based transport and its relation to self-organized cities and whether it increases transportation justice for metropolitan residents. Taking a case study of Bandung Metropolitan Area, the objectives of this study comprise: 1) Identifying the existence of self-organized transportation services in the Bandung Metropolitan Area, 2) Identifying types of digital transformation in application-based transportation as part of self-organized transportation, and 3) Identifying the impacts of digital transformation towards the level of transportation justice in Bandung Metropolitan Area. This research adopts statistical approach in the analysis, with several techniques applied, including factor analysis, comparative analysis, and correlation analysis. Data and information were collected by distributing questionnaires to 500 residents in the Bandung Metropolitan Area within productive age category. The questionnaires were distributed by using stratified random sampling approach to produce a representative sample of population in different regions of the Bandung Metropolitan Area. The analysis results indicate that the digital transformation in the form of application-based transformation in the Bandung Metropolitan Area falls into category of self-organized transportation. Furthermore, this study indicates that the development of this application-based transportation increases transportation justice in a certain age group category and population groups by their jobs, considering that not all residents in the Bandung Metropolitan Area actively use the internet to support their daily activities. For student, self-organization in the form of digital transformation on application-based transportation has increased transportation justice by making it easier for them to access educational facilities, but for the workers there is a segmentation in which only workers who are in the category of millennial are able to catch the benefit from the existence of this application-based transportation. Keywords: Self-organization, digital transformation; application- based transportation; transport justice; the Bandung Metropolitan Area
