Abstract
According to CRED-UNISDR report (2020), 80 – 90% of natural disasters within the past ten years are related to climate change, i.e. drought, storm, and flood. Flood, for example, has impacted two billion people within the years 1998 – 2017 worldwide. Kampung dwellers, in which most of them are poor, are one of the vulnerable groups in Indonesia. Poorly built houses and located within disaster-prone areas, such as the riverbanks, are two of many reasons for such vulnerability. Originally, some kampung incrementally developed on riverbanks to be near a water resource. Throughout the year, these kampung is most likely to be flooded when heavy rain falls. Lack of permeable spaces and drainage to handle stormwater treatment in the city caused it to flow through kampung alleys finding ways to rivers since it has lower topography. There are reasons behind the poorly built houses: not only their limited affordability but also lack of land tenure since there is a risk of demolition (Wamsler, 2004). On the other hand, it may not be wise to have the kampung dwellers relocated in order to reduce their vulnerability since such an option may result in collapsing their livelihoods (Blaikie et al, 1994). It is thus important to address adaptation as an alternative solution towards disasters, rather than merely relocation without careful consideration. Adaptation can be considered as mitigation since it reduces the risk of disaster by increasing the ability to respond to hazard. An effective mitigation planning therefore needs vulnerability assessment which includes collecting data on population, property loss, economic and resources limitation to recover from disasters, including society attitudes, preparedness, and awareness of disasters. There are wide varieties of tools available for disaster risk reduction planning but the majority are very specific and highly complex in technicality that it requires an expert to assess hazard as well as a vulnerability within a location. UNDRR Disaster Resilience Scorecard for Cities, for example, is useful and quite easy to understand but limited in terms of how practical it can be utilized by communities to increase their capacity, adaptation, and mitigation to disaster events. It is the intention of this paper to modify the scorecard and bring glocal solution to reduce the vulnerability of kampung. This paper tries to explore the extent of flood hazard, vulnerability, and adaptation made by kampung dwellers in the cities of Solo and Cimahi. Further, it also tries to analyze their resilience. Data collected from observation and interviews are descriptively analyzed and shown as indexes resulted from a modified assessment tool from UNDRR Disaster Resilience Scorecard for Cities. It was found that these two kampung have flood hazard with different intensity and hence destructive characters. The floods are experienced due to topography and lack of drainage capacity. Nonetheless, most kampung dwellers have got accustomed to floods and made different kinds of adaptations to lessen the risk of loss. Elevated floors, simple flood gates, and ceramic tiled walls have become retrofitting methods for the kampung dwellers. Results deriving from the tool have shown that it provides a useful baseline for hazards, vulnerability, risk, and resilience in a particular location. Such baseline needs to be followed by further scenarios such as identification and prioritization of plans and acts to increase resilience, i.e. weighing between relocation and adaptation, choosing between structural and nature-based mitigation, and planning for evacuation routes. In the end, disaster is highly site-specific in terms of how it differs among different climate, topography, socio-economic and spatial characters.
