Rapid urbanization in recent decades has led to burst of economic activities in the urban areas leading to comparatively higher standards of living to a larger population but has led to environmental degradation as well, which can be primarily attributed to the decline in green spaces due to increasing pressures on maximizing the monetization of urban spaces. There is no denying that green spaces have health benefits, both mental and physical, to the residents of the urban areas. COVID19 has highlighted the pertinence of green spaces as an intrinsic element for maintaining the quality of life of the people and to make the urban spaces sustainable. Chandigarh is one of the few planned cities of India. Now, a designated metropolis, it has experienced a surge in population growth, accommodating a million plus people as per the last census, with some pockets of remarkably high density. Further, the dependence on the city of its immediate and adjoining urban settlements has led to increased stress on its infrastructure. Chandigarh has area under urban greens as per the standards laid out nationally and internationally. These green spaces are distributed across the city at hierarchical levels, though equity of the same may be questioned. Over time, these spaces have emerged as melting pots of the city’s culture, being used for some specific purposes, contributing to the city’s wellbeing. The authors have researched upon the relevance and appropriateness of Chandigarh’s Master Plan and if the spatial spread of green spaces has contributed to containing the spread of COVID19. The sufficiency of the green spaces and its distribution across the city has been a question as well. Similarly, whether the distribution of densities influenced the spread of COVID19 has been examined. Further, it has been explored what needs to be essentially included in the plans of settlements to ensure the well-being of its people and enable the decision making to ensure well thought of spatial plans. The learnings can thus be adapted world over, appropriately modified to suit the local conditions.

The living environment in Chinese cities is dominated by blocks of collective housing, and the built environment at the neighborhood scale has become the most important space for urban residents to carry out their daily lives. Especially during the new crown epidemic, high-density, high-aggregation communities have become the focus of urban management and control. At present, China is facing a large number of residential renewal actions. In combination with the impact and thinking of the epidemic, promoting health, maintaining distance and living safety has become an important purpose for the renewal of the built environment of neighbors in the future. This article uses Beijing Dongba Street as a research sample, combined with existing research on epidemic thinking and related health and safety at home and abroad, and analyzes residents' behavior and preferences through questionnaire surveys, individual interviews, and big data collection, and divides residential units -Neighborhood Units-Three Circle Layers of City Blocks. At the same time, combined with the configuration of spatial elements (such as buildings, green spaces, functions, facilities, etc.) of the built environment of different circles, determine the influence weights of the spatial elements of the built environment at different circle scales, and then construct a neighborhood-scale built environment update from the perspective of post-epidemics Design Strategy.

Chinese cities have a history of at least five thousand years, and the city of Chang'an in the Tang Dynasty is a milestone. The planning and design of Chang'an City represented the most advanced level in the world at that time and laid the foundation for the design of China's capital city. With the global outbreak of the new crown virus COVID-19, it is even more necessary to enter the "post-epidemic era" for urban epidemic prevention and governance measures. In the history of the Tang Dynasty, there were 49 plague outbreaks, but they still created prosperous situations such as the " Excellent Governance during the Zhenguan Times" and " Flourishment Age of Kaiyuan Era". This article analyzes and explores the urban epidemic prevention and governance system of Tang Chang’an City from six aspects, including the site selection, water supply and drainage system, medical isolation facilities, Li-Fang walled ward management system, landscaping, and mainstream medical ideological guidance, and summarizes previous experience. Provide reference for follow-up modern urban epidemic prevention and management.

This contribution investigates the relationship between health and planning and describes the impact of the pandemic on the resurgence of health as a topic able to orient urban planning and design policies and practices. Since 2020, due to the Covid_19 pandemic, there has been a growing academic and policy interest to health in the field of planning, though little aware of past disciplinary tradition. Is this recent debate able of placing health at the center of the planning discourse in an innovative way? Or is it a return to the origins, taking up from planning history traditional topics and approaches? This contribution is a theoretical survey conducted through a European and specifically Italian literature review, within the inter-disciplinary research project Coltivare_salute.com funded by Politecnico di Milano. The first section of the paper describes significant episodes in city history for demonstrating that in Western countries health has oriented town planning since its origins, dated back in late XIX century. Planning was born as a need to alleviate the unhealthiness generated by uncontrolled and chaotic urbanization processes (e.g., in the early 19th century’s London invaded by proto-industry or in the first law for urban rehabilitation adopted in 1885 in Naples). We aim at investigating the first planning regulations and techniques dealing with endemic hygienic problems (Ashworth 1954; Benevolo 1971; Zucconi 1988). After the II World War, municipal planning policies started to address similar problems via relevant planning and social methodologies (as the survey on urban fabrics and family composition made in the plan of Assisi, 1955-58) (Astengo 1958), though these were scarcely employed in following decades. During the 1960s, the rise of living standards in Western countries has faded the issue of healthcare into the background. In the second section, we demonstrate that a resurgence in the last 30-40 years of an interest in well-being and quality of life by planning policies in Europe. In the 1990s, in various European countries, public policies reorganized the times of the cities (Mareggi 2002; Mückenberger 2011). In the same years, pushed by the WHO, the Healthy Cities movement emerged to develop innovative approaches to health and sustainable development. Thus, researchers and policy makers oriented their attention to the influence of urban environment on health and the need to conceive integrated policies (Barton, Tsourou 2015; D'Onofrio, Trusiani 2017). More recently, urban health studies have emphasized the assessment of the impacts of the physical and social environment on individual health. The third section questions the extent to which the political and academic debate on urban transformations triggered by the pandemic has brought new innovations, or it has enhanced the acquisitions of urban planning from its origins and the last 30-40 years. We critically discuss a brief overview of planning policies and interventions emerged in the recent years, including for example: the revival of the neighborhood proximity in the “15-minute city” in Paris, the implementation of walkability and cycling and the reorganization of health services in local plans (e.g., Turin and Reggio Calabria) (telemedicine). Emphasis is placed on the role of institutions in enhancing local health. In Italy, the new national recovery plan pushes local administrators to propose and implement solutions for reorganising health and socio-sanitary functions with a specific attention to community health centers. Research findings demonstrate the new interest towards health and healthcare as relevant issues for urban planning. Nevertheless a certain difficulty to capitalize the experiences and skills acquired emerges. In addition, there is conspicuous support for the implementation of innovative solutions, though it is not clear their capacity to generate stable and durable effects.

Traditional fresh-market plays a significant role of the urban life in Asia. Any fresh-market not only satisfies the daily consumptions of the urban residents, but also serves as the vitality center within a community. Fresh-markets show special significant in maintaining community affections, providing employment opportunities and protecting local characteristics. However, in the process of rapid urbanization of a metropolis fresh-markets have been criticized for the pollution of environment, backward supporting facilities, traffic obstruction, etc. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the fresh-markets in Wuhan, one of which the very first group of infected person all went to , were pushed to the forefront of the storm. However, as the micro-center of basic living infrastructures, the fresh-markets should not be simply and brutally shut down. The "black swan" event during COVID-19 pandemic reminds urban planners of the importance of making the public spaces in community as a way to improve urban resilience. Based on the post-pandemic renovations of Wuhan fresh-markets, the paper puts the fresh-markets into greater community system and the whole urban system to consider its positioning and responsibilities, and researches strategies of post-pandemic fresh-markets renovations. The paper discusses the strategies in three parts. First, the paper summarizes the dominant and recessive functional characteristics of the fresh-market in different types of community life by sorting out the types, current layout characteristics and all day activity routines of the fresh-markets in the central-city. Secondly, by comparing the functional changes and customer characteristics of the fresh-markets before and during the pandemic, the paper proposes that the fresh-market is normally the center of community communication activities, and can be transformed as the available refuges of the disaster prevention systems during wartime or special pandemic time. The fresh-markets can go online and offline in solving residents’ daily needs and from all aspects. Third, the priority of post-pandemic city reconstruction should be the renovation of fresh-markets. 1. The renovations should keep the principle of combination of peacetime and wartime to increase the resilience in city infrastructures. In addition to keep the commercial service functions of the markets, the renovations should reserve public space to promote the communications and connections of community residents and thusly enhance the urban social resilience. 2. The hidden pollution sources in the markets and the surrounding life services should also be included in the scope of renovations and upgrading. In view of prominent problems such as wet garbage disposal, oil pollution separation, rain and sewage diversion, garbage transfer process controls and so on, the renovations should set the markets as the upgrade source for the community environmental governance through a series of "small investments, small actions". 3. The renovations should increase public participation, make good use of community cultural symbols to reflect the collective memory within the region in and finally make the markets as the center area of community culture vitality.

The public service system in public health emergencies indicates the problems of hierarchical mismatch and conducted downward Invalidation in response to explosive demand shocks. This article clarified the fragility of the public service system in response to emergencies, constructed a hierarchical facility supply system of "upper control, middle flexibility, lower feedback” as the core, "evaluation, supply, and management " from the whole process of the facility supply ,emphasizes the framework of "full-link vulnerability assessment, full-coverage hierarchical supply, and full-cycle operation management", based on the overlay analysis of the spatio-temporal dynamics of the magor epidemic's initiation, outbreak, spread ,control and the type, level , spatial distribution characteristics of public service facility system. This article explored the transformation of the supply path of public service facilities under public health emergencies combining with Wuhan to conduct empirical verification.The assessment link should focus on the fragility of public service facilities, and construct a public service system and facility assessment system to ensure the effectiveness of space supply; the supply link should focus on community residents’ needs as the main body, clarify the needs and spatial layout, and ensure the fairness of the supply of public service facilities; The operation and management link should strengthen the construction of the community planner system, establish an operation management mechanism that pays equal attention to supervision and communication between the system and life subjects, and improve the efficiency of matching the supply and demand of community facilities.Further research found that the factors includes the failure in response to community prevention and control positions, imbalances in the configuration of the public service system, significant gaps in public service levels, and lagging online emergency supply are the major causes of the failure of the temporal and spatial correlation between public health emergencies and the supply of public service facilities. Based on these issues, this article proposed a solution to the supply of urban public service facilities to respond to explosive demand shocks: (1) differentiated supply combining centralized and decentralized supply; (2) strengthening service entities to focus on residents' demand orientation; (3) multi-sectoral coordination Implementation process management; (4) planning the operation guidance mechanism of in-depth intervention. Finally, based on these cracking paths a corresponding spatio-temporal emergency prevention and control network strategy is proposed to alleviate the supply crisis of urban public service facilities caused by the strong negative effects of public health emergencies.

Covid-19 has spread with an incredible speed worldwide, causing a massive loss of both society and economy. Insufficient measures to cope with pandemics results in a large-scale infection. In this context, how to deal with the pandemic has become a hot point. The modern urban planning, derived from building a healthier and safer environment after pandemics (like cholera and "Typhoid Mary") in the last two hundred years (Banai, 2020), has been recognised as one of the most effective approaches to handle the pandemic. In 2020, China was one of the countries that suffered severely from the Covid-19 but the first country to take actions against this pandemic on 25th Jan 2020 and initially controlled the situation before March 2020( Liu, Zhang& Song 2021). Many Chinese literature pieces were published to analyse the impact of the Covid-19 and put forward strategic urban planning methods to deal with the infection. However, classifications and evaluations of how urban planning has performed in this pandemic are insufficient. Consequently, scholars tend to discuss popular topics but ignore some inconspicuous fields intensively. Therefore, this paper will study the roles of urban planning in different stages and spatial scales facing the pandemic based on a systematic review of Chinese literature (On account that majority of related literature are published in 2020, the pandemic discussed in this paper is mainly Covid-19). The outcome of the review shows that urban planning tends to assist the policies and governance in the pandemic's Response and recovery stages but may perform the leading role in the preparedness stage of the pandemic. However, further studies related to recovering from the pandemic, more detailed implementation, and evaluation of the theoretical strategies still require exploration.

Since 2020, COVID-19 has swept around the world, cities has suffered unprecedented challenges: economic halt, limited interpersonal interaction and compressing space. The epidemic has suppressed the vitality of urban space around the world, while urban space has gradually lost its economic function, its social interaction function has also been weakened. In particular, the elderly population over 60 years old with high risk of disease is in a period of strong social demand, affected by the epidemic, they have to reduce economic and social activities, and endure the pain of decreased income and social communities. With the epidemic situation gradually turning into the control period in the world, we need to summarize and reflect on the vulnerability characteristics and health and safety problems of the cities exposed under the impact of the epidemic, and strengthen the resilience of the city and ensure the urban health and safety are the focus of urban planning and governance in the future. This study aims to explore the practical approaches of resilience regeneration and planning of "old community" with a relatively concentrated elderly population from the urban community level, improving the ability of aging communities to resist public health emergencies, promoting the economic and social activities of the elderly in the community, and increasing the physical and mental health index and happiness index of the elderly. Our study first review the relevant researches on the concepts and theories of resilient city, healthy city and active aging to understand their origin, development and evolution; Secondly, it constructs the theoretical framework of resilience regeneration planning based on the aging community to provide theoretical support for the resilience regeneration and planning practice of the community; Thirdly, the advanced cases of international resilient community construction are analyzed and used for reference to understand its development process and practical methods; Finally, taking some aging communities in China's first-tier cities (Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen, Guangzhou) as the objects, through the exploration and practice of community resilience regeneration, we can promote the economic and social interaction activities of the elderly population in the community, enhance the ability of the community to deal with the practice of public security, and provide some exploratory ideas for the theory and practice of community resilience planning in the post COVID-19 era.

After the SARS outbreak of 2003, what had changed in China’s urban planning? And how these changes are reflected in the city’s statistical data until the COVID-19 outbreak? Moving into the post-CODIV-19 era, has any innovation taken place in the latest China’s city master planning covering the period from 2021 to 2035? Given the implementation of city master planning covering the period from about 2005 to 2020 and the challenges during COVID-19 outbreak, what is expected of the innovation? This paper attempts to explore answers to the above questions. This study looks at the major cities in mainland China; applies Nature Language Processing (NLP) to the previous and the latest city master planning to figure out the emphasis and the shifts in urban epidemic prevention planning of these two rounds; performed Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Cluster Analysis on data related to city environment, health resources and system from CHINA CITY STATISTICAL YEARBOOK to estimate the changes in urban epidemic prevention from 2003 to 2019; discusses to what extent does the statistical data reflect the implementation of previous planning and the expectation of the latest planning. The major cities should be with complete data including: 1. Previous round of city master planning that is the planning period is around 2005 to 2020. 2. The latest round of city master planning that is the planning period is from 2021 to 2035. 3. The statistical data relating to green space, pollution prevention and control, health resources, financial and technical support for health system development. Key Words: Urban Planning, City Environment, Health Resource and System, SARS, COVID-19.

In 2020, the COVID-19 broke out, the world adopted strict home quarantine to control the spread of respiratory infectious diseases. However, indoor isolation can hardly satisfy people's needs of outdoor life. Small open spaces that are largely diversified, widely distributed and easily accessible, have become the first choice of recreation for urban residents during the pandemic. At the same time, compared with indoor activities, outdoor space has a lower risk of infection and the space is more open, undertake more activities during the epidemic, such as small live show, vaccination sites, and entrance queuing space. However, the airborne transmission of respiratory infectious diseases is greatly affected by the wind environment. The transmission distance is long, and the virus concentration measurement is difficult in small open spaces. There are many gathering activities with high population density and frequent face-to-face interactions. Plus, people’s awareness of disease prevention in the outdoors is low and they may not able to keep social distancing as indoor. We still don't know how much of an infection risk there is, and whether small open space designs can response to that. According to the existing research on physical environment in urban planning, different building combinations in small open space can affect the wind environment, which will affect the direction of pollutant diffusion and the concentration. On this basis we overlay with the infection probability prediction model of airborne infectious diseases, Wells - Riley equation, and add the activity time as variable. So, the research expands the relationship between the building combination and the physical environment (wind environment), to infection risk. And then assessing the resilience of different types of small open spaces in response to respiratory infections. To be specific, this research firstly classifies small open spaces according to the forms of building combination. Then we analyze the mechanism of the airborne transmission of respiratory infectious diseases, and the wind environment is linked to the transmission risk. After that we discuss the risks under different building combination forms and activity scenarios, and divide the risk areas in small open spaces. Based on the comparison of different open space design and the temporal schemes, we come up with the spatial optimization layout to reduce the risk areas and the control strategies of outdoor small open space in the post-epidemic era. The results showed that the risk of infection is linked with the spatial and temporal attributes in small open space. In the space with good ventilation environment, the high-risk zone is elliptical and small along the main wind direction. In the space with poor ventilation, the high-risk zone is irregular and large. However, the ventilation is too poorly to be suitable for gathering activities in some specific form open spaces. From the perspective of time, the risk of infection is affected by both virus concentration and stay time, and the risk of infection increases exponentially in high virus concentration space for a long time. It is concluded from the research that a small open space with good ventilation has a low risk of infection, while in the winter with high incidence of infectious diseases, the greater wind speed may affect the comfort, and in the follow-up study we’ll add comfortability of wind for discussion. The time of activities also significantly affects the risk of infection. Even in areas with low virus concentration, prolonged stay still carries a greater risk. Therefore, it is also very important to control the time of activities in small open space.